The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, which produce the ovum, or egg, necessary for reproduction. Every month, the ovaries undergo a process known as ovulation, in which the ovary follicle matures and releases the egg to be fertilized with the sperm. If the egg does not fertilize, it degenerates, resulting in the onset of monthly menstruation. Menarche is the beginning of menstruation for girls aged 10 to 15, while amenorrhea is a condition in which women are not menstruating.
Types of Amenorrhea
Amenorrhea can be classified into two categories: primary amenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. A primary amenorrhea is when a woman is 16 years old or older and hasn’t started menstruating. A secondary amenorrhea, on the other hand, is when a woman has started menstruating but her periods are irregular, such as once every 3-4 months. In order to effectively treat amenorrhea, it is essential to address the underlying cause of the condition.
Causes
Primary amenorrhea can be caused by chromosome abnormalities, problems with the hypothalamus, disorders of the pituitary gland, or obstruction of the vagina that impedes the flow of menstrual blood. Secondary amenorrhea can be caused by the use of contraceptives, pregnancy, stress, breastfeeding, low body weight, strenuous exercise, and medications such as antipsychotic drugs, chemotherapy drugs, and antidepressants.
Diagnosis
Certain tests are conducted by the doctor to understand the root cause of amenorrhea. The initial examination is a pregnancy test to determine if the underlying cause is pregnancy. A full physical examination is conducted and the doctor inquires about the patient’s medical history. An examination of the pelvis is conducted to assess the reproductive organs and to detect any hormonal issues. Blood tests such as prolactin and thyroid function tests are also conducted. If the woman has excessive facial hair then the levels of male hormones (androgens)are checked.
If a women’s menstrual cycle was absent as a result of lack of estrogen, the doctor may administer progestogen hormones for a period of seven to ten days, resulting in the onset of menstrual bleeding. The results of the test are used to confirm amenorrhea due to an absence of estrogen. For the examination of reproductive organs and the detection of pituitary tumours, imaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and ultrasound may be performed. Additionally, hysteroscopy or laparoscopy, which are minimally invasive procedures, may be performed to assess internal organs for abnormalities.
Treatment
The management of amenorrhea depends on the underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications are necessary, depending on the individual’s level of stress, physical activity and body weight. If amenorrhea is caused by a pituitary or thyroid disorder, medications are prescribed to treat the condition.
Points to remember
One of the most important things you can do for your health is to eat well and exercise. Stress in your life can also have a negative impact on your health. To reduce your stress levels, try to spend time with your loved ones and make time for leisure activities every day. If you have irregular periods, keep track of the dates in a diary and tell your doctor about it. It is recommended to consult your doctor for the most effective treatment.
